Acids, Esters (Alkyl, Glycerol, Waxes), Alcohols and Acetates, Amides, and Nitriles

Chemical shifts (ppm) for several carbon atoms in oleic acid and some of its derivatives are summarised in the Table below. There are diagnostic signals for these classes of long-chain compounds.

Carbon atom	a	b	c	d	e	f
Acid	180.43	34.13	24.70	–	–	–
Methyl ester	174.28	34.10	25.01	51.39	–	–
Glycerol ester (α)	173.23	34.07	34.91	–	–	–
Glycerol ester (β)	172.82	34.23	24.93	–	–	–
Alcohol	–	–	–	63.03	32.81	25.76
Acetate	171.16	20.99	–	64.63	28.66	25.96
Wax ester	173.97	34.43	25.06	64.38	28.69	25.97
Amide (i)	76.37	36.02	25.57	–	–	–
Nitrile (ii)	119.77	25.41	17.12*	–	–	–
* Also 28.68 (C4) 28.77 (C5) (i) Huang et al. (1997) have given different values for the amide of 12-hydroxystearic acid: 176 (C1) and 33.1 (C2). (ii) Information on more complex nitriles is given in many papers devoted to the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids since they are important intermediates.

Characteristic chemical shifts have also been reported for di-Guerbet esters. These are branched-chain compounds made from Guerbet acids and Guerbet alcohols and have the structure shown below where the four R groups (C₄ – C₁₂) may differ from each other.

References

• Gunstone, F.D . High resolution ¹³C-NMR spectra of long-chain acids, methyl esters, glycerol esters, wax esters, nitriles, amides, alcohols, and acetates. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 66, 189-193 (1993).
• Huang, K.-K., Keudell, K.C., Klopfenstein, W.E., Wen, L., Bagby, M.O., Vesonder, R.F., Norton, R.A. and Weisleder, D. Biotransformation of 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid to 12-hydroxyoctadecanamide by Bacillus cereus 50. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 74, 601-603 (1997).
• Knothe, G. and Carlson, K.D. Synthesis, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of di-Guerbet esters. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75, 1861-1866 (1998).
• Vieville, C., Mouloungui, Z. and Gaset, A. Synthesis and analysis of C₁-C₁₈ alkyl oleates. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 75, 101-108 (1995).