Evaluación de la calidad del biodiesel y sus mezclas con diesel en Colombia.
Quality Assessment of Biodiesel and its Blends with Diesel in Colombia.
Jose Aristóbulo Sarmiento, Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo, Colombia.
(El resumen no está disponible / Abstract not available.)

A Simple, Modified GCMS Method to Quantify Oxidation Products in Edible Oils.
David D. Brooks¹, V. Jain², and Y. Bernal¹, ¹Oil-Dri Corporation of America, USA, ²Mars Chocolate, USA.
This presentation will discuss the development of a direct injection GCMS method employing three internal standards to quantify secondary oxidation products formed in a oil. This work reports our findings through the method development stage in soybean and canola oils.

Overcome the Analytical Challenges for Biodiesel, Marine Oil with QTA Solution, A Networked FTIR System.
Kangming Ma and Eddie Hall, BASF Corporation, USA.
Traditional methods for the analyses of biodiesel, marine oil are chromatographic methods which are time consuming and require strong technical skills. QTA technology is based on patented infrared technology for quantitative analysis. Therefore biodiesel, marine oils, oleochemicals can be analyzed rapidly without chemicals and sample preparation. QTA methods include AOCS standard practice CK2-09 for biodiesel testing, methods for EPA/DHA and applications for many other quality parameters. This presentation provides an overview of the QTA technology and it successful application for fat and oil industry.

RevealX™ Technology Improves Purification of Lipid Compounds by Flash Chromatography.
Carlos A.C. Leibel¹ and Kathy Lawrence², ¹Grace Brasil Ltda., Brazil, ²W.R. Grace & Co., USA.
Grace Davison is a leading producer of catalysts and adsorbents for the economic conversion of renewable feedstocks and chemicals. Davison Discovery Sciences has extensive experience in producing, bonding and packing silica-based medias employed in separations and purifications together with the lab-scale instrumentation to support core research. Lipids, much like other non-chromophoric components, present unique challenges when isolating from crude mixtures and traditional methods with limited detection equate to an arduous process. New methods employing flash chromatography with multisignal RevealX™ detection technology are simple and reduce separation times to just minutes. Successful isolations are demonstrated in several applications.

Content of Polar Compounds and Other Quality Parameters in Used Frying Oils at the Moment of Disposal.
María José Pardo, Maria Antonia Grompone, Alba Yenny Pinchak Rosales, and Natalie Merlinski, Laboratorio de Grasas y Aceites, Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Uruguay.
The aim of this study was to determine the degree of degradation of used frying oils from restaurants and other food services located in different Uruguayan cities, at the moment they are discarded. The analysis of the samples comprised the determination of polar compounds and other usual parameters (acid value, peroxide and p-anisidine index). In Uruguay there are no regulations concerning food frying, hence, in order to assess the quality of overused frying oils, European criteria was employed: mainly a maximum content of 25% polar compounds. Overall, it is possible to conclude that all the analyzed oils evidence, at the moment of disposal, a significant degree of thermal deterioration (over the 25% of polar compounds); therefore it is considered that they should have been discarded long before. This represents a potential risk for consumers’ health. Secondary oxidative deterioration (p-anisidine index) is very high, in contrast to primary oxidation (peroxide index). These results were expected as the oils were subjected to high temperatures and the degradation of peroxides occurs under these conditions. Hydrolytic deterioration (acid value), in the majority of the samples, is low. This is frequent in frying oils, which is the reason why it is a barely employed criteria to assess their quality. The lack of national standards leads food services to use oils at excessively high temperatures during long periods of time. Due to the lack of national standards, food services tend to use oils at excessively high temperatures during extended periods of time.

Seguridad Alimentaria en Aceites Vegetales.
Food Safety of Vegetable Oils.
Angela Orlando, Greenlab, Argentina.
(El resumen no está disponible / Abstract not available.)

Sesión 7: Refinación química / Session 7: Chemical Refining
Moderador: Jesús Dueñas, JD Oleoconsultant, San Salvador.
Room: Cartagena de Indias

Specialities in Palm Oil Processing.
Robert Zeldenrust, GEA Westfalia Separator Group GmbH, Germany.
Palm oil is used in more and more applications and the nutritical aspects are getting more and more important. The quality of the final palm oil is influenced by a lot of factors in the whole production chain. Beside the harvest and storage the main influences are made during the oil recovery and the oil refining. For a sufficient processing it is important to review the whole production process as each little step on its own may be sufficient. But the whole process can only be optimized without the reviewing each step in the big picture. With some small changes in the recovery process the production losses in the caustic refining and also physical refining of palm oil can be dramatically reduced. Addtionally with changing the recovery and the refining process the product quality can be improved. Addtional and important aspects of the palm oil processing are the minor components like 3-MCPD which can be removed by sufficient process technology.

Refinación química del aceite de soja con silicato de sodio.
Jesús Dueñas, JD Oleoconsultant, San Salvador.
La forma tradicional y usual de refinar aceite de soya crudo desgomado es por refinación química alcalina, normalmente con Hidróxido de sodio y por lo menos dos centrifugas de separación son usadas para llevar a cabo este proceso unitario. En esta presentación mostraremos resultados a escala industrial usando silicato de sodio como agente alcalino, se propone un modelo de reacción química y una tabla de dosificación con diferentes concentraciones. También se discute un diseño de un reactor batch y se presentan datos de control de calidad. Además se presenta la forma de manejar el soap stock producido y su uso. Las perdidas por proceso son discutidas y se presenta una ecuación para obtenerla.

Soybean Oil Chemical Refining with Sodium Silicate.
Jesús Dueñas, JD Oleoconsultant, San Salvador.
The traditional and usual way to refine crude soybean oil is using chemical refining with alkali, normally sodium hydroxide and at least two centrifuge is used to carry out this unit process. In this paper we will show results on a industrial scale using sodium silicate, it is proposed a chemical reaction model and a dose table using different concentrations. Also the design of the batch reactor is discussed and quality control data is presented besides how to deal with the soap stock and it use is presented. The oil loss of the process is discussed and an experimental equation is given.

Consideraciones Prácticas para la Selección Eficaz de un Adsorbente de Blanqueo.
Carlos A. Bravo y Jorge Bello, Sud-Chemie de Mexico SA de CV, Mexico.
La Calidad de las grasas y aceites es importante para competir en mercados cada vez mas globalizados, durante su refinación el blanqueo representa un paso importante para obtener productos de alta calidad, pero inherentemente este paso tiene un costo de inversión. Para optimizar esa inversión es importante el entender los factores básicos que impactan en la selección adecuada de un adsorbente para el blanqueo. En esta presentación se ofrece una breve sinopsis de los beneficios que se obtienen al hacer la selección adecuada de un adsorbente, dependiendo del contenido de impurezas en el aceite a blanquear -clorofila en soya y canola y del índice de blanqueabilidad en Palma, fosforo, metales, etc- se puede establecer una guía práctica sobre características de productos a usar para obtener una buena calidad.

Refinación de aceite de palma con TriSyl.
Ruben Zapata, Grace, Colombia.
TriSyl es una forma de silica sintética, muy pura, químicamente inerte y completamente amorfa con gran capacidad y selectividad para adsorber contaminantes polares de grasas y aceites. El principal objetivo de la refinación del aceite de palma es producir un aceite de alta calidad mediante la eliminación, eficiente y económica, de las impurezas presentes con la mínima alteración posible de los triglicéridos y de sus propiedades nutricionales, buscando tener la menor merma posible y el mínimo impacto sobre el medio ambiente. TriSyl es altamente eficiente en la adsorción y remoción de compuestos polares, reduciendo la formación de polienos conjugados y la pérdida de tocoferoles. Esto resulta en un aumento de la estabilidad oxidativa y una mejora de la vida útil del aceite refinado. Adicionalmente, la refinación con TriSyl mejora las condiciones de fraccionamiento, optimizando la separación y pureza de ambas fases. TriSyl también se usa en el proceso de refinación física aprovechando su mayor capacidad de adsorción de fosfátidos en presencia de jabones. Este sinergismo de adsorción de fosfátidos en presencia de jabones es aprovechado en el proceso denominado Refinación Física Modificada, la cual permite reducir la cantidad total de adsorbentes respecto de un proceso de Refinación Fisica convencional, producir un aceite de mejor calidad y reducir el costo de refinación. La refinación de aceite de palma con TriSyl puede combinarse con diferentes procesos de blanqueo: adición secuencial, lecho relleno y / o re-uso de tierras. Los beneficios en términos de calidad, productividad y costos de refinación son altamente significativos.

Nano Neutralization™–The Next Generation in Chemical Refining.
Eric Svenson, Desmet Ballestra North America, USA.
Refiners of vegetable oil are constantly making adjustments to their process that positively impact quality, efficiency and sustainability. Nano Neutralization™ is a new tool that is proven to improve efficiency and sustainability while maintaining quality. Nano Neutralization™ uses intense hydrodynamic cavitation technology to physically break the weak metal bonds of the non-hydratable phospholipids in milliseconds. Vegetable oil is pumped through scientifically designed geometries, dramatically dropping pressure at multiple stages. Water in the oil vaporizes and recompresses to liquid at each stage, creating shockwaves that break the weak metal bonds of the non-hydratable phospholipids to make them hydratable. Nano Neutralization™ has been found to drastically reduce chemical consumption. Phosphoric acid that was previously used to chemically cleave the metals from the non-hydratable phospholipids is nearly eliminated. With no need to neutralize excess phosphoric acid, and the outstanding mixing in the reactor, the quantity of caustic soda required approaches the stoichiometric amount necessary to neutralize the FFA, which is also a significant reduction. By reducng excess caustic, there is less saponification of oil into soap and a much cleaner separation in the centrifugal separator. This results in a valuable increase in oil yield as less oil passes with the soapstock. The cleaner separation also results in less soap remaining in the oil. Less soap in the oil reduces the amount of silica or water wash needed to remove the soaps prior to bleaching. Nano Neutralization™ is putting modern science behind caustic refining technology.

Use of Natural Silicates in the Refining of Vegetable Oils.
Roberto Berbesi, Oil-Dri Corporation of America, USA.
Sustainability is becoming a critical part of industrial processing throughout the world and vegetable oil refining is not exempt from this business trend. Recognizing that caustic refining uses the highest volume of water in a vegetable oil refinery, a reduction in the use of water at this stage of the process will help support a more sustainable future for our industry. Being conscious of the efficient use of water in caustic refining, Oil-Dri has developed an alternative media that eliminates the use of a water wash centrifuge for caustic refining as well as other processes like interesterification of refined oil. The objective of this presentation is to present practical information on Water Wash Elimination (WWE) by the use natural silicates, which not only will make the process a more sustainable one, but a more economical as well. We will review the two main categories of available products in the industry for WWE: Natural Silicates and Hydrogels. We will also present some advantages of the natural silicates over hydrogels and other potential uses of Selective Silicates in the refining of Vegetable oil/Animal fats. Data from the lab and from the field will be presented.