Critical Control Points in Chemical and Physical Refining of Vegetable Oils for Improved Oil Quality.
Monoj K. Gupta, MG Edible Oil Consulting Intl., USA.
Crude vegetable oils contain two general groups of compounds that are non-triglycerides. Some of these compounds are desirable while the others are not desirable in the refined oil. These are referred to as impurities or by some segment of the oil users call these compounds as polar material, often the term used is TPM in the frying industry Therefore, the crude oils are refined to either remove or reduce some or most of the undesirable impurities that are present in the crude oil while retaining a large share of the desirable non-triglycerides in the finished oil. The undesirable impurities in the crude oil are formed from the very moment the seeds are harvested. Subsequently, more impurities can form in handling and storage of the seeds, the crude oil the oil in the refining process, storage packaging and distribution of the refined oil. The presentation discusses the critical steps that one must take in order to maximize the retention of high quality standard in the refined oil.

Los sistemas de vacío para desodorización de aceites y grasas comestibles. Análisis técnico- economic.
José María Pedroni, J.M,.Pedroni y Asociados SA, Argentina.
En este trabajo se analizan los sistemas de vacío posibles para la desodorización de aceites y grasas comestibles, desde el punto de vista técnico y económico, a saber:
- Sistema de vacío clásico
- Sistema de vacío limpio con condensador principal de superficie de película descendente
- Sistema de vacío limpio con doble circuito de agua contaminada alcalina y agua limpia, con intercambiadores de calor a placas.
- Sistema de vacío limpio con condensador principal con agua helada.
- Sistema de vacío seco con intercambiadores para la desublimación del vapor.
En cada caso se presentan los costos operativos de energía y agua de enfriamiento, los de mantenimiento y paradas imprevistas, la inversión requerida, los costos financieros y los costos totales resultantes referidos a una carga de 100 kg/h de vapor de borbotado.

The Vacuum Systems for Edible Oils and Fats Deodorization. Technical and Economic Analysis.
José María Pedroni, Technical Director, J.M. Pedroni and Associates SA, Argentina.
This paper analyse the possible vacuum systems for the edible oils and fats deodorization, from the point view technique and economic, that is:
- Classic vacuum system.
- Surface falling film main condenser clean system.
- Two water circuits of pure water and alkaline contaminated water clean system
- Main condenser with chilled water clean system.
- Dry vacuum system with heat exchanger for the steam deposition.
The operative and financial costs are present for each case, the total resulting cost for 100 kg of stripping steam at usual pressures, and the cost for ton of edible oil of the different vacuum systems.

Minimización de efluentes en el proceso de neutralización química – Sistema de evaporación del agua de lavado.
Minimizing Effluents in the Chemical Neutralization Process—Wash Water Evaporator System.
Frederico Viana, Alfa Laval Ltda., Brasil.
(El resumen no está disponible / Abstract not available.)

¿Por qué interesterificación enzimática? Comparación entre la interesterifi cación química y la interesterificación enzimática.
Why Enzymatic Interesterification? Comparison between Chemical Interesterification and Enzymatic Interesterification.
James Willits, Desmet Ballestra, EE.UU.
(El resumen no está disponible / Abstract not available.)

Dry Fractionation of Speciality Fats: A Decade of Statolizer Fractionation Technology.
Gijs Calliauw, Marc Hendrix, and Marc Kellens, Desmet Ballestra Group, Belgium.
Since its introduction in the edible oils industry in the early 2000’s, Statolizer Fractionation Technology is established as a potent, safe and cost-effective industrial technology for the production of high added-value speciality fats. The typical asset of Statolizer Fractionation Technology is the fact that it allows to fractionally crystallize a fat in a homogeneous way without agitation. Hence, the typical mass and heat transfer problems that occur for highly viscous slurries in conventional stirred tanks are no longer relevant. A subsequent fluidization of the slurry allows then a very efficient separation of remaining liquid from the crystal mass. The patented Statolizer Technology has therefore lead to a spectacular innovation in the field of Cocoa Butter Substitutes (CBS) processing from palm kernel oil, and ever since this fully-automated state-of-the-art technology has found its way in many palm oil refineries all over the world. Given the increased importance of affordable Cacao Butter Equivalents in the current fats & oils market in combination with the ever-growing palm oil production, the next logical application for Statolizer Technology was the production of hard PMF that can serve as a main ingredient for CBE-manufacturing. Now in 2011, advanced research and development in actual industrial installations has unambiguously demonstrated the technological advantages of Statolizer with respect to the cost-effective industrial manufacturing of hard PMF as well: compared to the conventional dry fractionation technology and also previously reported static fractionation results , a contemporary Statolizer Technology and related process know-how can lead to the reliable industrial production of high quality hard PMF that exhibits excellent melting behavior. Just as demonstrated for PKO-fractionation, in combination with a smart multistage-fractionation pathway, the Statolizer also enables to boost the hard PMF yields above the levels commonly achieved through dynamic dry fractionation. Overall, this presentation therefore aims to give an open and technical-oriented overview of the various applications of Statolizer Technology and those to come in the future, especially with respect to all kinds of cocoa butter alternatives, as a testimony of this flexible, industrially-scaled, innovative but above all cost-effective modification technology.

Desarrollo de grasas para aplicaciones específi cas por interesterifi cación.
Fats for Specific Applications Developed by Interesterification.
Joaquín Barragán, AarhusKarlshamn, México.
(El resumen no está disponible / Abstract not available.)

Procesos enzimáticos a escala industrial para la modifi cación de aceites mejorando la calidad y los rendimientos. Foco en interesterificación y concentrados de aceite de pescado.
Enzymatic Processes in Industrial Scale to Modify Oils Improving Quality and Yields. Focus on: Interesterification and Fish Oil Concentrates.
Hans Christian Holm, Novozymes, Dinamarca.
(El resumen no está disponible / Abstract not available.)

Transesterificación de triglicéridos presentes en el aceite de palma africana con circonias sulfatadas.
Martha E. Niño¹, Leonardo Parra¹, y Ricardo Gómez², ¹Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia, ²Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico.
Los catalizadores sólidos ácidos, circonias sulfatadas SZ-673-0.06 y SZ-873-0.09 fueron evaluados en la transesterificación de aceite de palma. Las variables de la reacción fueron la temperatura de reacción 60°C, 80°C, 100°C y 120°C, la relación aceite:etanol, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 y la cantidad de catalizador 1%, 2% y 3%. Las reacciones se llevaron a cabo en un microreactor Parr. Los productos de la reacción se cuantificaron mediante calibración externa empleando dodecano estándar. Los sólidos fueron caracterizados mediante IR-TF, DRX, área superficial específica fue calculada por el método BET empleando las isotermas de adsorción de nitrógeno. Las propiedades ácidas se determinaron por el método de titulación con indicadores de Hammett con rojo metilo y azul de timol. Los catalizadores SZ-673-0.06 y SZ-873-0.09 no presentaron problemas difusionales en la reacción de transesterificación del aceite refinado de Palma Africana con etanol. Los catalizadores SZ-673-0.06 y SZ-873-0.09 presentaron propiedades estructurales favorables para la reacción de transesterificación de aceite refinado de palma africana debido a la presencia de fases cristalinas como óxidos y sulfatos de circonio. El más alto rendimiento fue del 97% durante transesterificación del aceite refinado de Palma Africana con el catalizador de SZ-673-0.06 empleando una relación molar aceite:etanol 1:20, 3% de catalizador con respecto al aceite y una temperatura de 100 °C. El catalizador SZ-873-0.09 presentó un rendimiento al etil oleato del 88% con una relación molar aceite:etanol 1:15, 3% de catalizador y una temperatura de 120°C. Los resultados mostraron que el catalizador SZ-673-0.06 mantiene su actividad en tres ciclos de reacción.

Large Scale Enzymatic Catalyzed Biodiesel Production.
A.R. Madsen, P.M. Nielsen, M.L. Damstrup, J. Brask, and H.C. Holm, Novozymes A/S, Denmark.
The development of enzymatic catalyzed biodiesel production is entering into large scale production. The enzymatic process differs from the chemical catalyzed process in several important aspects. Firstly, the enzymes can process free fatty acids as well as triglycerides which eliminate limitations to the content of free fatty acids in the raw materials and allowing low grade oils and fats for the process. Secondly, enzymes work with lower surplus of alcohol in the reaction and is able to use both ethanol and methanol. The use of ethanol gives a positive impact on Green House Gas (GHG) reductions plus 5-6% more fuel from the oil raw material. On top of this we have succeeded in reducing the enzyme cost significantly by improving the efficiency in the lipase production and immobilization technology and enzyme life-time. The most important down side of the enzymatic process is the fact that it requires longer processing time in the transesterification which to some extent is compensated by less need for downstream processing/purifying of the biodiesel and glycerol. The different aspects of the enzymatic production will be discussed and illustrated by data to document the benefit of large scale enzymatic catalyzed biodiesel.