Resources

New reference topics will be in bold.

3-MONOCHLORO-1,2-PROPANEDIOL, IARC MONOGRAPHS – 101, Available online 22 May 2012. Web 23 May 2012.

Bakhiya, N., Abraham, K., Gürtler, R., Appel, K.E., and Lampen, A., Toxicological assessment of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol fatty acid esters in food, Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 55:509-521 (2011). Web 6 Oct 2011.

Barocelli, E.,Corradi, A., Mutti, A., and Petronini, P.G., Scientific Report submitted to EFSA: Comparison between 3-MCPD and its palmitic esters in a 90-day toxicological study, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (2011), Web 6 Dec 2011.

Berger-Preiß, E., Gerling, S., Apel, E., Lampen, A., and Creutzenberg, O., Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Determination of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in Rat Blood and Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Negative Chemical Ionization Mode, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 398:313-318 (2010). Web. 15 Oct 2010.

Buhrke, T., Weißhaar, R., and Lampen, A., Absorption and Metabolism of the Food Contaminant 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) and its Fatty Acid Esters by Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells, Archives of Toxicology: 1-8 (2011). Web 11 May 2011. 

Buhrke, T., Weißhaar, R., and Lampen, A., Bioavailability of 3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) and 3-MCPD Fatty Acid Esters, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archieves of Pharmacology 381:85-85 (2010).

Center for Food Safety, Fatty Acid Esters of 3-MCPD in Food, 7 Nov 2012. Web 14 Nov 2012.

Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Risk Assessment Studies Report No. 50 Fatty Acid Esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD)in Food, November 2012. Web 14 Nov 2012.

Cho, W.S., Han, B.S., Lee, H., Kim, C., Nam, K.T., Park, K., Choi, M., Kim, S.J., Kim, S.H., Jeong, J., and Jang, D.D., Subchronic Toxicity Study of 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol Administered by Drinking Water to B6C3F1 Mice, Food and Chemical Toxicology 46:1666-1673 (2008). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Cho, W.S., Han, B.S., Nam, K.T., Park, K., Choi, M., Kim, S.H., Jeong, J., and Jang, D.D., Carcinogenicity Study of 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol in Sprague-Dawley Rats, Food and Chemical Toxicology 46:3172-3177 (2008). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment, Statement on Carcinogenicity of 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP) and 2,3-dichloropropan-1-ol (2,3-DCP) (June 2004). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Committee on Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment, Statement on the Mutagenicity of 2,3-Dichloropropan-1-ol (2,3-DCP) (May 2004). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Contaminants and Impurities for Food Analysis by Chiron, Web 26 Jan 2012. 

Eisenbrand, G., and Habermeyer, M., [Where are the Dangers Lurking?] Wo lauern die Gefahren?, Esslinger Gesundheitsmagazin (2010). Web 7 Feb 2011. 

El Ramy, R., Ould Elhkim, M., Lezmi, S., and Poul, J.M., Evaluation of the Genotoxic Potential of 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and its Metabolites, Glycidol and Beta-chlorolactic Acid, Using the Single Cell Gel/Comet Assay, Food and Chemical Toxicology 45:41-48 (2007). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), Chloropropanols in Food: An Analysis of the Public Health Risk, Technical Report Series No. 15 (2003). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Glycidol classified as a genotoxic carcinogen, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Summaries & Evaluations (2000). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Habermeyer, M., Guth, S., and Eisenbrand, G.,Identification of Gaps in Knowledge Concerning Toxicology of 3-MCPD and Glycidol Esters, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 113:314-318 (2011). Web 11 May 2011. 

How much 3-MCPD can be consumed without causing any harmful health effects? Food Standards Agency. Web 27 Aug 2012.

Hwang, M., Yoon, E., Kim, K., Jang, D., Son, B., and Yoo, T., Toxicity Value for 3-MCPD Using a Benchmark Dose Methodology, Abstracts of the 45th Congress of the European Societies of Toxicology, Toxicology Letters 180 (Suppl. 1):S69 (2008). 

Jeong, J., Seok Han, B., Cho, W., Choi, M., Ha, C., Lee, B., Kim, Y., Son, W., and Kim, C., Carcinogenicity Study of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) Administered by Drinking Water to B6C3F1 Mice Showed no Carcinogenic Potential, Archives of Toxicology (2010). Web. 15 Oct 2010.

Jira, W., 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in Smoked Meat Products Investigation of Contents and Estimation of the Uptake by the Comsumption of Smoked Meat Products, Fleischwirtschaft 90:115-118 (2010). 

Kim, K., Differential Expression of Neuronal and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rat Brain after Subchronic Administration of 3-Monochloro-1,2-Propanediol, Food and Chemical Toxicology 46: 955-960 (2008). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Li, Y., Liu, S., Wang, C., Li K., Shan, Y., Wang, X., and Sun, C., Novel Biomarkers of 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol Exposure by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Based Metabonomic Analysis of Rat Urine, Chemical Research in Toxicology 23:1012-1017 (2010). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Liu, H., Karlsen, M., Midtaune, H., Andreassen, T., and Johansen, J., Glycidyl Fatty Acid Esters and 3-MCPD Ester in Food Analysis. Web 27 Nov 2012.

Liu M., Gao B.Y., Qin F., Wu P.P., Shi H.M., Luo W., Ma A.N., Jiang Y.R., Xu X.B., and Yu L.L., Acute oral toxicity of 3-MCPD mono- and di-palmitic esters in Swiss mice and their cytotoxicity in NRK-52E rat kidney cells, Food Chem Toxicol. Epub ahead of print 27 July 2012. Web 8 August 2012.

Lynch, B.S., Bryant, D.W., Hook, G.J., Nestmann, E.R., and Munro I.C., Carcinogenicity of Monochloro-1,2-propanediol (α-chlorohydrin, 3-MCPD), International Journal of Toxicology 17:47-76 (1998). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Masten, S.A., 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol [CAS No. 96-23-1], Review of Toxicological Literature: A Report Prepared for the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, North Carolina, USA (2005). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Paceab, G.V., and Hartmana, T.G., Migration Studies of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in Polyethylene Extrusion-coated Paperboard Food Packaging, Food Additives and Contaminants 27:884-891 (2010). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Press Release, CFS Announces Study Findings on 3-MCPD Fatty Acid Esters in Local Food, news.gov.hk 7 Nov 2012. Web 14 Nov 2012.

Qu, H.-L., Jiang, L.-P.,Yu, C., et al., 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol Induces Oxidative DNA Damage in HEK 293 Cells, Chinese Journal of Public Health (2009). Web 26 Jan 2012. 

Rietjens, Ivonne M.C.M., Scholz, Gabriele, Berg, Iekje, Schilter, Benoit, and Slob, Wout, Refined Hazard Characterisation of 3-MCPD Using Benchmark Dose Modeling, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100145. Web 1 Aug 2012. 

Robjohns, S., Marshall, R., Fellows, M., and Kowalczyk, G., In Vivo Genotoxicity Studies with 3-Monochloropropan-1,2-Diol, Mutagenesis 18:401-404 (2003). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series 58, prepared by the Sixty-Seventh Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JEFCA), International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 239-267 (2007). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants: 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol, WHO Food Additives Series, International Programme on Chemical Safety (2008). Web. 21 Sept 2010.

Schilter, B., Scholz, G., and Seefelder, W., Fatty Acid Esters of Chloropropanols and Related Compounds in Food: Toxicological Aspects, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 113:309-313 (2011). Web 11 May 2011.

If you have comments or wish to contribute further information regarding 3-MCPD and glycidyl (glycidol) esters, please contact Richard Cantrill, Director, AOCS Technical Services.